Autocad Lisp Draw Polyline Alternate Line and Arc
Chapter 11: Accessing Complex Objects
Introduction
Accessing polyline vertices
Defining a new polyline
Drawing the new polyline
Testing for polyline types
How arcs are described in polylines
Accessing object handles and block attributes
Extracting attribute data
Conclusion
Introduction
In this the final chapter, you will look at several programs that not only introduce you to some new AutoLISP functions, but also review many of the functions you learned about from earlier chapters. In the process, you will learn how to access complex object types. You will also look at ways to store data as a permanent record within a drawing.
Accessing Polyline Vertices
Polylines are complex objects that are a composite of many objects. There are a variety of polylines from straight lines, to three dimensional Bezier-spline polylines. But even the most complex polyline can be broken into three basic components, Vertices, lines and arcs. AutoCAD stores polylines as a kind of compound object made up of several layers of information. To help you get a grasp of this idea, you can think this storage structure as an onion; as you peal off one layer, another layer is revealed. The first layer, the one accessed by entget, gives general information about the polyline. In this section, you will look at ways to access deeper layers of information using AutoLISP.
It will help our investigation if we first take a look at typical polyline property list first hand.
Figure 11.1: Test drawing for exercise
Open a drawing file called Chapt11 and draw the polyline rectangle shown in figure 11.1. Use the coordinates shown in the figure to locate the corners.
1. Enter the following expression at the command prompt:
(entget (car (entsel)))
2. The selection cursor box appears and you get the select object prompt. Pick the polyline you just drew. The following listing appears.
((-1 . <Object name: 60000120>)
(0 . "POLYLINE")
(8 . "TEXT")
(66 . 1) (10 0.0 0.0 0.0)
(70 . 1) (40 . 0)
(41 . 0)
(210 0.0 0.0 1.0)
(71 . 0)
(72 . 0)
(73 . 0)
(74 . 0)
(75 . 0))
We have list the polyline property list vertically for clarity though you will see the list shown as a continuous string on your text screen. We see the object name, object type and layer listed but where the point group code 10 should indicate some coordinate location, only zeros are shown. Also, we would expect to see a list of at least four coordinate values. Instead, we see some somewhat unfamiliar codes from the 40 and 70 group codes, all showing zeros.
This doesn't mean that we are unable to access more specific information about polylines. We just need to dig a little deeper. The tool we use for digging is the entnext function.
We mentioned that it helps to think of the polyline data as being stored in layers like those of a onion. The listing above represents the outermost layer. To get to the next layer, you need to use the entnext function.
1. Enter the next expression:
(entget (entnext (car (entsel))))
2. You will get a listing like the following:
((-1 . <Object name: 60000120>)
(0 . "VERTEX")
(8 . "0")
(10 1.0 1.0 0.0)
(40 . 0)
(41 . 0)
(42 . 0)
(70 . 0)
(50 . 0))
This new property list gives us some new information. The object name is different from the previous list. Also, instead of showing "POLYLINE" as an object type, we get "VERTEX". The layer information is nearly the same but for the first point value, group code 10, we see the coordinate for the first corner of the box, 1.0 1.0 0.0. For purposes of our discussion, we'll call this vertex object a polyline sub-object or just sub-object.
Now, we know how to get more detailed information about a polyline by introducing entnext into our expression to extract an object's sub-object information. We have "peeled off" the first layer of our onion to reveal the next layer of information. But we only got the first vertex of the polyline. To get the others, you just continue adding more entnext functions.
1. Enter the following:
(entget (entnext (entnext (car (entsel)))))
2. When the Select object prompt appears, pick the polyline box. Another new property list appears.
((-1 . <Object name: 60000120>)
(0 . "VERTEX")
(8 . "0")
(10 10.0 1.0 0.0)
(40 . 0)
(41 . 0)
(42 . 0)
(70 . 4)
(50 . 0))
Now we see a list that describes the second vertex of the polyline. Note the group code 10 value shows a coordinate 10.0 1.0 0.0 which is the next vertex in the polyline.
It would be rather awkward to have to keep expanding our expression by adding more entnext functions to extract each sub-object's property lists. If we have a polyline that has 40 vertices or more, we would end up with a enormous program in order to extract all the vertices. Fortunately, we can use a recursive function to get the property list of each vertex. By using the same variable name to which we assign each vertex object name, we eliminate the need to add continual nests of the entnext function. Figure 11.2 shows a diagram of how this recursive function works and figure 11.3: shows a function that uses this recursion to extract a list of polyline vectors. The Function at the top of the figure, Getvec, is the one we will look at first.
Figure 11.2: Using recursion to extract subobject information
;Function to create list of polyline vertices---------------------------------- (defun getver (EntNme / SubEnt VerLst vertex) (setq SubEnt (entnext EntNme)) ;get first vertex (setq VerLst '()) ;setup vertex list (while SubEnt (setq vertex (cdr (assoc 10 (entget SubEnt)))) ;get first vertex point (setq VerLst (append VerLst (list vertex))) ;add vertex to verlst (setq SubEnt (entnext SubEnt)) ;go to next vertex ) VerLst ;return vertex list ) ;Function to check if point lies between endpoints of line--------------------- (defun btwn (a b c) (setq ang1 (angle a b)) ;find vertex to point ang. (setq ang2 (angle a c)) ;find vertex to vertex ang. (if (EQUAL (RTOS ang1 2 2) (RTOS ang2 2 2)) b) ;if equal return point. ) ;Program to insert Vertex in simple polyline ;------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (defun C:ADDVERT (/ pEnt VerLst Newpt int NewVer ptyp) (setq pEnt (entsel "Pick vertex location: ")) ;Get new vertex and pline (setq VerLst (getver (car pEnt))) ;extract vertices (setq ptyp (assoc 70 (entget (car pEnt)))) (setq Newpt (osnap (cadr pEnt) "nearest")) ;Get new vertex location (while (cadr VerLst) (setq NewVer ;add vertex to new NewVer (append NewVer (list (car VerLst))) ) (setq int ;Check for between-ness (btwn (car VerLst) newpt (Cadr VerLst)) ) (if int ;if between, add to NewVer (setq NewVer (append NewVer (list int))) ) (setq VerLst (cdr VerLst)) ;Remove vertx. from list );end while (setq NewVer (append NewVer (list (car VerLst)))) ;add last vertx. to NewVer (command "erase" (car pEnt) "") ;erase old pline (command "pline") ;start pline command (foreach n NewVer (command n)) ;insert points from NewVer (if (= (cdr ptyp) 1) (command "close") (command "") ) ;end pline command )
Lets examine this function in detail.
The function takes an object name as an argument. Presumably the object in question is a polyline. It proceeds to obtain the first vertex object name from that object.
(defun getvec (EntNme / SubEnt VecLst vector)
(setq SubEnt (entnext EntNme))
This vertex object name is assigned to the symbol subEnt. Next, a list is created to hold the vector coordinates:
(setq VecLst '())
The following while expression then goes to each vector property list and extracts the coordinate value. It first extract the coordinate from the current vertex object:
(while SubEnt
(setq vector (cdr (assoc 10 (entget SubEnt))))
Next, it appends that coordinate value to the vertex list VecLst.
(setq VecLst (append VecLst (list vector)))
finally, the variable SubEnt is assigned the vertex object name of the next vertex and the process is repeated:
(setq SubEnt (entnext SubEnt))
)
When all the vertices have been obtained, the list of vertices is returned:
VecLst
)
Now that we know what entnext is capable of, lets look at a practical application. Figure 11.3 includes a program called Addvect that adds a vertex to a polyline. If you have ever had to add a vertex to a polyline using the AutoCAD pedit command, you know it can be a trying effort. This program simplifies the operation to one step. Figure 11.4 gives a graphic description of how this program works.
Figure 11.4: How Addvect work conceptually
Lets see first hand how it works.
1. Save and exit the Chapt11 file.
2. Open an AutoLISP file called Addvert.lsp then copy figure 11.3 into the file. Save and exit Addvert.lsp
3. Return to the Chapt11 drawing file and load addvert.lsp.
4. Enter Addvert at the command prompt. At the prompt:
Pick vertex location:
Pick the square polyline at the coordinate 10,6. The box disappears and a new box is drawn with an additional vertex at the point you picked.
This program reduces into one step a process than normally takes seven steps through the Pedit command. Lets see how it works in detail.
First, an object and a point are gotten using the entsel function:
(defun C:ADDVECT (/ pEnt VecLst Newpt int NewVec type)
(setq pEnt (entsel "Pick vector location: "))
As you may recall, entsel pauses the program's processing and prompts the user to select an object. Once a user responds, a list of two elements is returned with the object name and the coordinate used to pick the object.
The next line uses a user defined function, getvec, to create a new list containing only the vertex coordinates from the polyline object picked. This list of vertices is assigned to the variable VecLst.
(setq VecLst (getvec (car pEnt)))
We saw earlier how getvec works. It returns a list of polyline vertices. In the above expression, the list of vertices is assigned to the VecLst variable.
The next line obtains the associated value of the 70 group code from the polyline. The 70 group code identifies the type of polyline it is, whether it is closed, curve-fit, spline curved, etc. See Appendix for a full list of the 70 group code options.
(setq ptyp (assoc 70 (entget (car pEnt))))
this information will be used at the end of the program to determine how the polyline is redrawn.
The next line used the osnap function to establish a point exactly on the polyline.
(setq Newpt (osnap (cadr pEnt) "nearest"))
Here, the coordinate from the entsel function used earlier is applied to the osnap "nearest" function to obtain a new point. This new point is exactly on the polyline.
Defining a New Polyline
The while expression that follows builds a new list of vertices from which a new polyline will be drawn. This list is actually a copy of the list created by our user defined function Getvec with the new point added in the appropriate place.
The test expression in the while expression tests to see if the end of the list VecLst has been reached:
(while (cadr VecLst)
Next, the first element of Veclst is added to a list called NewVec:
(setq NewVec
(append NewVec (list (car VecLst)))
)
This expression is basically just copies the first element of the original vertex list to a new list NewVec.
The next set of expressions tests to see if our new vertex newpt lies between the first two point of the vertex list:
(setq int
(btwn (car VecLst) newpt (Cadr VecLst))
)
Another user-defined function is used to actually perform the test. This function is called btwn and it tests to see if one coordinate lies between two others. If Btwn does find that Newpt lies between the first and second point of VecLst, then Btwn returns the value of Newpt. Otherwise Btwn returns nil.
If the btwn test function returns a coordinate, the next expression adds the new vertex to the NewVec list.
(if int
(setq NewVec (append NewVec (list int)))
)
Finally, the first element of the vertex list is removed and the whole process is repeated.
(setq VecLst (cdr VecLst))
);end while
Once the while loop is done, VecLst is a list of one element. That last element is added to the NewVec list:
(setq NewVec (append NewVec (list (car VecLst))))
Drawing the new Polyline
The last several lines erase the old polyline and redraw it using the new vertex list. First the old line is erased:
(command "erase" (car pEnt) "")
Then the pline command is issued:
(command "pline")
Next, the foreach function is used to input the vertices from the NewVec list to the Pline command:
(foreach n NewVec (command n))
You may recall that foreach is a function that reads each element from a list and applies that element to a variable. That variable is then used in an expression. The expression is evaluated until all the elements of the list have been evaluated in the expression. In this case, each vertex from the NewVec list is applied to a command function which supplies the vertex coordinate to the pline command issued in the previous expression.
Once foreach has completed evaluating every element of the NewVec list, the last expression ends the Pline command:
(if (= (cdr Ptyp) 1)
(command "close")
(command "")
)
)
The if conditional expression tests to see if the polyline is closed or not. If it is, then it enter the word "close" to close the polyline. If not, then an enter is issued. You may recall that in the first part of the program, the 70 group code sublist was extracted from the polyline property list. This sublist was assigned to the variable ptyp. Here, ptyp is tested to see if its code value is 1. If it is 1, this means that the polyline is closed thereby causing the if expression to evaluate the (command "close") expression. If this expression is left off, the new polyline box would have only three sides.
Testing for Polyline Types
In the last expression above, you got a glimpse of a special concern when dealing with polylines. There are really several types of polylines which must all be handled differently. The Addvect program will only function properly when used on simple polylines made up of line segments. Polylines that are curve-fitted or splined will contain extra vertices that are not actually part of the drawn polyline. these extra vertices are used as control points in defining curves and splines.
Fortunately, the 70 group codes enable you to determine what type of vertex you are dealing with. In the program above, we used the 70 group code only to determine whether the polyline is closed or not but other conditions can be tested for. You could include a test for a spline vertex by comparing the 70 group code value of a vertex to the value 16. If it is 16, the value for a spline frame control point, then you know not to include the vertex in your vertex list. We won't try to give you examples here as we our space is limited. However, you may want to refer to Appendix for more details on the group codes.
How Arcs are Described in Polylines
Arcs in polylines are described using a bulge factor and two vertices. You can think of the bulge factor as the tangent of the angle described by chord of the arc and a line drawn from one end of the arc to the arc's midpoint (see figure 11.5).
From this relationship, the following formula is derived:
bulge = h / 0.5 cord = 2h/cord
We can derive the geometry of the arc from these simple relationships. Figure 11.6 shows how we can derive the arcs angle from the bulge factor. We don't give an example of a program to edit arcs in a polyline. Such a task could take a chapter in itself since it can be quite involved. Also, you may not find a need for such a capability at this point. However, should you find a need, we have given you the basics to build your own program to accomplish the task.
Accessing Object Handles and Block Attributes
In the last section, you saw how to extract information from a complex object. You can use the same method to extract information from block attributes. The program you are about to examine uses block attributes as well as object handles and external files to help assign and store names to objects in your drawing. We will look at how entnext can be used to get attribute information from a block and how you can use attributes to permanently store information. You will also explore one possible way of using object handles which are permanent names AutoCAD can give to objects in a drawing.
Using Object Handles
We know that every object is given an object name. This name is the key to accessing the object's record in the drawing database. Unfortunately, this object name changes from editing session to editing session. This means that during one editing session, an object will have the object name <Object name: 600000d4> while in another session the same object will have the name <Object name: 60000012>. For the most part, this may not be of concern to you. But if you want to have a way of permanently identifying objects from one editing session to another, you may find this fact disturbing.
Fortunately, starting with release 10, you can add what is called an object handle to each and every object in your AutoCAD drawing. Handles are added to the object's in a drawing by AutoCAD whenever you turn on the handles function using the handles command. You do not have control over the naming of Objects, AutoCAD automatically assigns an alpha-numeric name to every object in the drawing.
Note:
Handles are always on in AutoCAD Release 13 and 14.
The handent function in conjunction with other functions can be used to obtain an objects handle from the drawing database. The handles are added to an object's property list as a group code 5 property sublist. To get an object's handle, you use the usual assoc-entget function combination to extract the sublist.
1. Return to the Chapt11 drawing and enter the following at the command prompt:
handles
2. At the prompt:
Handles are disables.
ON/DESTROY:
enter ON. Next enter
(assoc 5(entget(car (entsel))))
3. At the select object prompt, pick the polyline box. You will get a list similar to the following:
(5 . "29")
The second element of the group 5 property is the object handle. Note that the handle is a numeric value in quotes, so it is really a string data type even though it is a number.
Using handles, you could write a simple routine to display an object's handle which you could record somewhere. Then, you could have another program to retrieve an object based on this handle. We've taken this idea a step further and have written a program that allows you to assign any name you like to an object and later select that object by entering the name you have assigned to it. Figure 11.7 shows this program and Figure 11.8 shows a diagram of how it works.
;Function to turn a list into a string---------------------------------------- (defun ltos (lst / gfile strname) (setq gfile (open "acad.grp" "w")) ;open a file on disk (prin1 lst gfile) ;print list to file (close gfile) ;close file (setq gfile (open "acad.grp" "r")) ;open file (setq strname (read-line gfile)) ;read list from file (close gfile) ;close file strname ;return converted list ) ;Function to obtain name list stored in attribute----------------------------- (defun getatt (/ nament) (setq nament (ssname(ssget "X" '((2 . "NAMESTOR")))0)) ;get attribute block (read (cdr (assoc 1(entget (entnext nament))))) ;get attribute value ) ;Function to clear stored names----------------------------------------------- (defun attclr () (setq nament (ssname (ssget "X" '((2 . "NAMESTOR")))0)) ;get attrib. block (setq namevl (entget (entnext nament))) ;get attrib. ent. list (setq namelt (assoc 1 namevl)) ;get attrib. value (entmod (subst (cons 1 "()") namelt namevl)) ;add list to attrib ) ;Program to assign a name to an entity ;----------------------------------------------------------------------------- (defun C:NAMER (/ group gname ename sname namevl namelt) (setq ename (cdr (assoc 5 (entget (car (entsel "\nPick object: ")))))) (setq gname (list (strcase (getstring "\nEnter name of object: ")))) (setq group (getatt)) ;get names from attrib. (setq gname (append gname (list ename))) ;new name + ent. name (setq group (append group (list gname))) ;add names to list (setq sname (ltos group)) ;convert list to strng (setq namevl (entget (entnext (ssname (ssget "X" '((2 . "NAMESTOR")))0)))) (setq namelt (assoc 1 namevl)) ;get attrib. value (entmod (subst (cons 1 sname) namelt namevl)) ;add list to attrib (entupd (cdr (assoc -1 namevl))) (princ) ) ;Function to select an entity by its name------------------------------------- (defun GETNAME (/ group gname ) (setq gname (strcase (getstring "\nEnter name of entity: "))) (setq group (getatt)) ;get names from attrib. (handent (cadr (assoc gname group))) )
This program makes use of a block attribute as a storage medium for the names you assign to objects. Lets take a closer look.
First, you need to define the attribute used for storage.
1. Exit the Chapt11 file and open an AutoLISP file called Namer.lsp. Copy the program shown in figure 11.7 into your file then save and exit the file.
2. Return to the Chapt11 file then load Namer.lsp.
3. Enter attdef to start the attribute definition command.
4. Enter the following responses to the attdef prompts:
Attribute modes -- Invisible:N Constant:N Verify:N Preset:N
Enter (ICVP) to change, RETURN when done: ~CR
Attribute tag: name
Attribute name: name
Default attribute value: ()
Start point or Align/Center/Fit/Middle/Right/Style: 2,9
Height (2.0): ~CR
Rotation angle <0>: ~CR
5. The word name will appear in at coordinate 2,9. Now issue the block command and enter the following responses to the block prompts:
Block name (or ?): namestor
Insert base point: 2,9
select objects: [ pick attribute defined in previous step. ]
6. Issue the insert command and enter the following responses to the insert prompts:
Block name (or ?): namestor
Insertion point: 2,9
X scale factor <1> / Corner / XYZ: ~CR
Y scale factor (default=X): ~CR
Rotation angle <0>: ~CR
Enter attribute values
name <()>: ~CR
You have just defined the attribute within which the program namer will store your object names. Now you are ready to use the program.
1. Enter namer at the command prompt. At the prompt:
Pick object:
pick the polyline box.
2. At the next prompt
Enter name of object:
Enter square . The computer will pause for a moment then the command prompt will return. Also, the value of the attribute you inserted earlier will change to a list containing the name SQUARE and the object handle associated with the name. The Namer program uses the attribute as a storage device to store the name you give the object with its handle.
3. To see that the name square remain associated with the box, exit the chapt11 file using the end command then open the file again.
4. Load the Namer.lsp file again.
5. Now issue the copy command. At the Select object prompt, enter
(getname)
You will get the prompt
Enter name of object:
Enter square . The box will highlight indicating that it has been selected.
6. At the Base point prompt, pick a point at coordinate 2,2.
7. At the Second point prompt, pick a point at coordinate 3,3.
The box is copied at the displacement 1,1.
The attribute used to store the name could have been made invisible so it doesn't intrude on the drawing. We intentionally left it visible so you could actively see what is going on.
Namer works by first extracting the object handle of the object selected then creating an association list of the handle and the name entered by the user. This association list is permanently stored as the value of an attribute. The attribute value is altered using the entmod function you saw used in the last chapter. Let's take a detailed look at how namer and getname work.
Using Object Handles
Namer starts by obtaining the object handle of the object the user picks:
(defun C:NAMER (/ group gname ename
sname nament namevl namelt)
(setq ename
(cdr (assoc 5 (entget (car (entsel "\nPick object: ")))))
)
Here, entsel is used to get the object name of a single object. The car function extracts the name from the value returned from entsel then entget get the actual object name. At the next level, the assoc function is used to extract the 5 group code sublist from the object. The actual object handle is extracted from the group code using the cdr function. This value is assigned to the variable ename.
In the next expression, a list is created containing the name given to the object by the user:
(setq gname
(list (strcase (getstring "\nEnter name of object: ")))
)
The user is prompted to enter a name. this name is converted to all upper case letters using the strcase function. Then it is converted into a list using the list function. finally, the list is assigned to the variable gname.
The next expression calls a user defined function called getatt:
(setq group (getatt))
This function extracts the attribute value from a the block named namestor. You may recall that the default attribute value of namestor was "()". Getatt extracts this value and the above expression assigns the value to the variable group. We'll look at how getatt works a little later.
Next, the object handle is appended to the list containing the name the user entered as the name for the object. This appended list is then appended to the list named group which was obtained from the attribute.
(setq gname (append gname (list ename)))
(setq group (append group (list gname)))
The variable group is the association list to which user defined object name are stored. It is the same list you see in the block attribute you inserted earlier.
The next line converts the list group into a string data type using a user defined function called ltos:
(setq sname (ltos group))
Ltos simply write the list represented by the symbol group to an external file then reads it back. The net affect is the conversion of a list into a string. This is done so the value of group can be used to replace the current value of the attribute in the namestor block. This is a situation where data type consideration is important. Attribute values cannot be anything other than strings so if our program were to try to substitute a list in place of a string, an error would occur.
Extracting Attribute Data
The next several lines obtain the property list of the namestor block attribute and its attribute value in preparation for entmod:
(setq namevl (entget
(entnext (ssname (ssget "X" '((2 . "NAMESTOR")))0)))
)
Here, the ssget "X" filter is used to select a specific object, namely the block named "NAMESTOR". In this situation, since the name of the block is a fixed value, we include the name as a permanent of the expression:
(ssget "X" '((2 . "NAMESTORE")))
This helps us keep track of what block we are using and also reduces the number of variables we need to use.
Once the block is found by ssget, ssname gets the blocks' object name and entnext extracts the attributes' object name. Entget extracts the attributes property list which is assigned to the namevl variable. The line that follows uses the assoc function to extract the actual attribute value.
(setq namelt (assoc 1 namevl))
Figure 11.9 shows how this works.
Just as we used entnext to extract the vertices of a polyline, you can use entnext to obtain the attribute information from a block. If there is more than one attribute in a block, you step through the attributes the same way you step through the vertices of a polyline. The Getatt function works in a similar way to these expressions you have just examined.
Finally, entmod is used to update the attribute to store the association list of the object name and object handle:
(entmod (subst (cons 1 sname) namelt namevl))
(entupd (cdr (assoc -1 namevl)))
(princ)
)
The subst function is used to substitute the newly appended name with the old attribute value in the attributes property list. Then entmod updates the drawing database with the updated property list. The entupd function is used to update the display of the attribute in the block. Entupd is only needed where attributes and curve-fitted polylines are being edited and you don't want to regenerate the entire drawing to update the display. You could think of it as a regen for specific objects.
The getname function is actually quite simple compared with namer.
(defun GETNAME (/ group gname getname handl nament newent)
(setq gname (strcase (getstring "\nEnter name of object: ")))
(setq group (getatt))
(handent (cadr (assoc gname group)))
)
Getname prompts the user for the name of the object to be selected. It then obtains the association list of name from the storing attribute using the user defined Getatt function. Finally, getname extracts the object handle from the association list using the name entered by the use as the key-value. The handent function returns the object name of the object whose handle it receives as an argument.
Namer and getname are fairly crude program as they have very little in the way of error checking. For example, if while using the getname function, you enter a name that does not exit, you get an AutoLISP error message. Also, if you attempt to save more than dozen names, you will get the out of string space error message. This is due to the 100 character limit AutoLISP places on string data types. There is also no facility to check for duplicate user supplied names. We wanted to keep the program simple so you won't get too confused by extra code. You may want to try adding some error checking features yourself, or if you feel confident, you can try to find a way to overcome the 100 character limit.
Conclusion
Programming can be the most frustration experience you have ever encountered as well as an enormous time waster. But it is also one of the most rewarding experiences using a computer can offer. And once you master AutoLISP, you will actually begin to save time in your daily use of AutoCAD. But to get to that point, you must practice and become as familiar as possible with AutoLISP. The more familiar you are with it, the easier it will be to use and the quicker you will be able to write programs.
We hope this tutorial has been of value to your programming efforts and it will continue to be helpful to you as a reference when you are stuck with a problem. Though we didn't cover every AutoLISP function in detail, In particular, we did not cover binary operations and a few other math functions. We did cover the major functions and you were able to see how those functions are used within programs solving real world problems. You were introduced to the program in a natural progression from entering your first expression through the keyboard to designing and debugging programs and finally to accessing the AutoCAD drawing database.
Source: http://people.fsv.cvut.cz/www/chourpav/Lisp/Chapter%2011.htm
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